Emerging Technologies in Medicine: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Medical Automation

Authors

  • Mehdi Rezaei
  • Shafagh Saei
  • Soheila Jafari Khouzani
  • Mahshid Esmaielzade Rostami
  • Maryam Rahmannia
  • Amir Masood Rafie Manzelat
  • Mahmonir Bayanati
  • Sina Rasti
  • Yasamin Rajabloo
  • Hamed Ghorbani
  • Amin Azizan
  • Parnian Bozorgzad
  • Parisa Jafari Khouzani
  • Arefeh Arabpour Dahouei
  • Pooya Faranoush
  • Koyar Hiwa Raouf
  • Maryam Ebrahimpour
  • Amirali Fallahian
  • Maryam Savardashtaki
  • Mehran Khodashenas
  • Lida Zare Lahijan
  • Arman Soltani Moghadam
  • Seyedeh-Tarlan Mirzohreh
  • Horrieh Abbasmofrad
  • Rana Rahimi
  • Shiva Shakori Poshteh
  • Afrouz Pishbin
  • Naghme Masoomi Goodarzi
  • Mohammad Tolouei
  • Atieh Sadeghniiat-Haghighi
  • Mikaiel Hajializade
  • Hamid Reza Khodadadi
  • Sara Nobakht
  • Ali Karami-Nejad
  • Tina Taherzadeh Amlashi
  • Ali Hosseininejad-Mohebati
  • Ali Rasti
  • Asieh Zohrei
  • Setareh Hedayati Emami
  • Roozbeh Roohinezhad
  • Sara Ghahari
  • Sharif Ebrahimi
  • Seyed-Hamidreza Mousavi
  • Zaniar Mohamadi
  • Mohammadreza Sobhani
  • Mohammad Pirouzan
  • Zahra Pirouzan
  • Amirali Momayezi
  • Aslan Foroutan
  • Arnoosh Karimimoghadam
  • Parisa Farjami
  • Ehsan Ranjbar
  • Fatemeh Taheri
  • Masoud Farrokhi
  • Amir Moeini

Keywords:

Technologies , Medicine, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Medical Automation

Abstract

The healthcare industry is undergoing a profound transformation with the emergence of revolutionary technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and medical automation. AI utilizes advanced algorithms and machine learning to analyze extensive medical data, enabling accurate diagnoses, personalized treatment plans, and predictions of patient outcomes. In medical imaging, AI algorithms aid in the early detection of diseases such as cancer, while optimizing drug discovery, clinical trials, and treatment protocols. Robotics is revolutionizing surgery by assisting surgeons with precise, dexterous, and controlled procedures. Surgical robots offer minimally invasive approaches, reducing trauma, speeding up recovery, and improving surgical outcomes. Rehabilitation settings benefit from robots that provide personalized therapy and monitor patient progress, facilitating enhanced recovery and motor function. Automation is streamlining healthcare processes by automating repetitive tasks and reducing the potential for human errors. Medication management is improved with automated systems that ensure accurate dispensing, minimizing medication errors. In diagnostic testing, automation enhances efficiency and accuracy, delivering faster and more reliable results. These emerging technologies hold immense promise for the future of healthcare, empowering healthcare professionals and improving patient outcomes. However, ethical considerations and the integration of these technologies into existing healthcare systems present challenges. Ongoing advancements and interdisciplinary collaborations are necessary to address these challenges and fully realize the potential of AI, robotics, and medical automation in revolutionizing healthcare. The integration of these technologies has the potential to transform healthcare delivery, enhance patient care, and increase accessibility to quality healthcare on a global scale.

References

Alimisis D. Technologies for an inclusive robotics education. Open Res Eur. 2021;1:40. doi:10.12688/openreseurope.13321.2.

Archibald MM, Barnard A. Futurism in nursing: Technology, robotics and the fundamentals of care. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(11-12):2473-80. doi:10.1111/jocn.14081.

Aron M, Desai MM. Flexible robotics. Urol Clin North Am. 2009;36(2):157-62, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2009.02.001.

Bann S, Khan M, Hernandez J, Munz Y, Moorthy K, Datta V et al. Robotics in surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;196(5):784-95. doi:10.1016/s1072-7515(02)01750-7.

Bautista M, Manrique J, Hozack WJ. Robotics in Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(7):600-6. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1681053.

Borumandi F, Cascarini L. Robotics in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018;100(6_sup):16-8. doi:10.1308/rcsann.supp1.16.

Boškoski I, Costamagna G. Endoscopy robotics: Current and future applications. Dig Endosc. 2019;31(2):119-24. doi:10.1111/den.13270.

Bravo J, Wali AR, Hirshman BR, Gopesh T, Steinberg JA, Yan B et al. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Endovascular Neurosurgery. Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23662. doi:10.7759/cureus.23662.

Bredeche N, Haasdijk E, Prieto A. Embodied Evolution in Collective Robotics: A Review. Front Robot AI. 2018;5:12. doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00012.

Broeders IA. Robotics: The next step? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;28(1):225-32. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.12.001.

Bullock EKC, Brown MJ, Clark G, Plant JGA, Blakeney WG. Robotics in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Current Concepts. J Clin Med. 2022;11(22). doi:10.3390/jcm11226674.

Buza JA, 3rd, Wasterlain AS, Thakkar SC, Meere P, Vigdorchik J. Navigation and Robotics in Knee Arthroplasty. JBJS Rev. 2017;5(2). doi:10.2106/jbjs.Rvw.16.00047.

Carter-Templeton H, Frazier RM, Wu L, T HW. Robotics in Nursing: A Bibliometric Analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2018;50(6):582-9. doi:10.1111/jnu.12399.

Cela V, Obino ME, Sergiampietri C, Simi G, Papini F, Pinelli S et al. The role of robotics in the management of endometriosis. Minerva Ginecol. 2017;69(5):504-16. doi:10.23736/s0026-4784.17.04045-x.

Christou AS, Amalou A, Lee H, Rivera J, Li R, Kassin MT et al. Image-Guided Robotics for Standardized and Automated Biopsy and Ablation. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2021;38(5):565-75. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1739164.

Ciria A, Schillaci G, Pezzulo G, Hafner VV, Lara B. Predictive Processing in Cognitive Robotics: A Review. Neural Comput. 2021;33(5):1402-32. doi:10.1162/neco_a_01383.

Cirrincione P, Widmann RF, Heyer JH. Advances in robotics and pediatric spine surgery. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2023;35(1):102-9. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001199.

Cui Y, Thompson CC, Chiu PWY, Gross SA. Robotics in therapeutic endoscopy (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2022;96(3):402-10. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2022.05.019.

Damian DD. Regenerative robotics. Birth Defects Res. 2020;112(2):131-6. doi:10.1002/bdr2.1533.

De Lorenzis E, Palumbo C, Cozzi G, Talso M, Rosso M, Costa B et al. Robotics in uro-oncologic surgery. Ecancermedicalscience. 2013;7:354. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2013.354.

de Marco C, Pané S, Nelson BJ. 4D printing and robotics. Sci Robot. 2018;3(18). doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aau0449.

Dias PGF, Silva MC, Rocha Filho GP, Vargas PA, Cota LP, Pessin G. Swarm Robotics: A Perspective on the Latest Reviewed Concepts and Applications. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21(6). doi:10.3390/s21062062.

Diltz ZR, Sheffer BJ. Intraoperative Navigation and Robotics in Pediatric Spinal Deformity. Orthop Clin North Am. 2023;54(2):201-7. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2022.11.005.

Diodato MD, Jr., Prosad SM, Klingensmith ME, Damiano RJ, Jr. Robotics in surgery. Curr Probl Surg. 2004;41(9):752-810. doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2004.07.002.

Dixit M, Panchal K, Pandey D, Labrou NE, Shukla P. Robotics for enzyme technology: innovations and technological perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;105(10):4089-97. doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11302-1.

Djebrouni M, Wolbring G. Impact of robotics and human enhancement on occupation: what does it mean for rehabilitation? Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(11):1518-28. doi:10.1080/09638288.2018.1527401.

Dorigo M, Theraulaz G, Trianni V. Reflections on the future of swarm robotics. Sci Robot. 2020;5(49). doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abe4385.

Duan H, Wang P, Huang Y, Xu G, Wei W, Shen X. Robotics Dexterous Grasping: The Methods Based on Point Cloud and Deep Learning. Front Neurorobot. 2021;15:658280. doi:10.3389/fnbot.2021.658280.

Elsabeh R, Singh S, Shasho J, Saltzman Y, Abrahams JM. Cranial neurosurgical robotics. Br J Neurosurg. 2021;35(5):532-40. doi:10.1080/02688697.2021.1950622.

Esquenazi A, Talaty M. Robotics for Lower Limb Rehabilitation. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2019;30(2):385-97. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2018.12.012.

Estes SJ, Waldman I, Gargiulo AR. Robotics and Reproductive Surgery. Semin Reprod Med. 2017;35(4):364-77. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1602594.

Faraji AH, Remick M, Abel TJ. Contributions of Robotics to the Safety and Efficacy of Invasive Monitoring With Stereoelectroencephalography. Front Neurol. 2020;11:570010. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.570010.

Feinberg AW. Biological Soft Robotics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2015;17:243-65. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040632.

Finley DS, Nguyen NT. Surgical robotics. Curr Surg. 2005;62(2):262-72. doi:10.1016/j.cursur.2004.11.005.

Floreano D, Ijspeert AJ, Schaal S. Robotics and neuroscience. Curr Biol. 2014;24(18):R910-r20. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.058.

Fountas S, Mylonas N, Malounas I, Rodias E, Hellmann Santos C, Pekkeriet E. Agricultural Robotics for Field Operations. Sensors (Basel). 2020;20(9). doi:10.3390/s20092672.

Freyaldenhoven ST, Tsukada H. Robotics in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2023;127(2):258-61. doi:10.1002/jso.27189.

Friedman G. Robotics for Acute Care in Colorectal Surgery. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2021;34(5):328-33. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726448.

Fuchs ME, DaJusta DG. Robotics in Pediatric Urology. Int Braz J Urol. 2020;46(3):322-7. doi:10.1590/s1677-5538.Ibju.2020.99.03.

Galetta MS, Leider JD, Divi SN, Goyal DKC, Schroeder GD. Robotics in spinal surgery. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(Suppl 5):S165. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.07.93.

Gao A, Murphy RR, Chen W, Dagnino G, Fischer P, Gutierrez MG et al. Progress in robotics for combating infectious diseases. Sci Robot. 2021;6(52). doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abf1462.

Ghasem A, Sharma A, Greif DN, Alam M, Maaieh MA. The Arrival of Robotics in Spine Surgery: A Review of the Literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(23):1670-7. doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000002695.

Gravish N, Lauder GV. Robotics-inspired biology. J Exp Biol. 2018;221(Pt 7). doi:10.1242/jeb.138438.

Grischke J, Johannsmeier L, Eich L, Griga L, Haddadin S. Dentronics: Towards robotics and artificial intelligence in dentistry. Dent Mater. 2020;36(6):765-78. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2020.03.021.

Gu G, Zhang N, Chen C, Xu H, Zhu X. Soft Robotics Enables Neuroprosthetic Hand Design. ACS Nano. 2023;17(11):9661-72. doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c01474.

Hachach-Haram N, Miskovic D. Augmented Reality: Moving Robotics Forward. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2021;34(5):345-52. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726353.

Hague CM, Merrill SB. Integration of Robotics in Urology Residency Programs: an Unchecked Technological Revolution. Curr Urol Rep. 2021;22(9):47. doi:10.1007/s11934-021-01062-w.

Halder A, Sun Y. Biocompatible propulsion for biomedical micro/nano robotics. Biosens Bioelectron. 2019;139:111334. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2019.111334.

Hata N, Moreira P, Fischer G. Robotics in MRI-Guided Interventions. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;27(1):19-23. doi:10.1097/rmr.0000000000000159.

Hegde C, Su J, Tan JMR, He K, Chen X, Magdassi S. Sensing in Soft Robotics. ACS Nano. 2023;17(16):15277-307. doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c04089.

Hemal AK, Menon M. Robotics in urology. Curr Opin Urol. 2004;14(2):89-93. doi:10.1097/00042307-200403000-00007.

Hines L, Petersen K, Lum GZ, Sitti M. Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics. Adv Mater. 2017;29(13). doi:10.1002/adma.201603483.

Howe RD, Matsuoka Y. Robotics for surgery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 1999;1:211-40. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.211.

Hussain A, Malik A, Halim MU, Ali AM. The use of robotics in surgery: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(11):1376-82. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12492.

Iravani S. Role of MXenes in advancing soft robotics. Soft Matter. 2023;19(33):6196-212. doi:10.1039/d3sm00756a.

Jacofsky DJ, Allen M. Robotics in Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Review. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31(10):2353-63. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2016.05.026.

Jain S, Gautam G. Robotics in urologic oncology. J Minim Access Surg. 2015;11(1):40-4. doi:10.4103/0972-9941.147687.

Karuppiah K, Sinha J. Robotics in trauma and orthopaedics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018;100(6_sup):8-15. doi:10.1308/rcsann.supp1.8.

Kennedy M, 3rd. The role of collaborative robotics in assistive and rehabilitation applications. Sci Robot. 2023;8(83):eadk6743. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adk6743.

Khajuria A. Robotics and surgery: A sustainable relationship? World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(3):265-9. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.265.

Khanna O, Beasley R, Franco D, DiMaio S. The Path to Surgical Robotics in Neurosurgery. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;20(6):514-20. doi:10.1093/ons/opab065.

Kinross JM, Mason SE, Mylonas G, Darzi A. Next-generation robotics in gastrointestinal surgery. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(7):430-40. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0290-z.

Klibansky D, Rothstein RI. Robotics in endoscopy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2012;28(5):477-82. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e328356ac5e.

Kochanski RB, Lombardi JM, Laratta JL, Lehman RA, O'Toole JE. Image-Guided Navigation and Robotics in Spine Surgery. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(6):1179-89. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyy630.

Krebs HI, Volpe BT. Rehabilitation robotics. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;110:283-94. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52901-5.00023-x.

Lanza C, Carriero S, Buijs EFM, Mortellaro S, Pizzi C, Sciacqua LV et al. Robotics in Interventional Radiology: Review of Current and Future Applications. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2023;22:15330338231152084. doi:10.1177/15330338231152084.

Latif MJ, Park BJ. Robotics in general thoracic surgery procedures. J Vis Surg. 2017;3:44. doi:10.21037/jovs.2017.03.14.

Liounakos JI, Chenin L, Theodore N, Wang MY. Robotics in Spine Surgery and Spine Surgery Training. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(2):35-40. doi:10.1093/ons/opaa449.

Liu AT, Hempel M, Yang JF, Brooks AM, Pervan A, Koman VB et al. Colloidal robotics. Nat Mater. 2023. doi:10.1038/s41563-023-01589-y.

Liu L, Watanabe M, Ichikawa T. Robotics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review. Dent J (Basel). 2023;11(3). doi:10.3390/dj11030062.

Lopez IB, Benzakour A, Mavrogenis A, Benzakour T, Ahmad A, Lemée JM. Robotics in spine surgery: systematic review of literature. Int Orthop. 2023;47(2):447-56. doi:10.1007/s00264-022-05508-9.

Maalouf N, Sidaoui A, Elhajj IH, Asmar D. Robotics in Nursing: A Scoping Review. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2018;50(6):590-600. doi:10.1111/jnu.12424.

Manzini T, Murphy RR, Heim E, Robinson C, Zarrella G, Gupta R. Harnessing AI and robotics in humanitarian assistance and disaster response. Sci Robot. 2023;8(80):eadj2767. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adj2767.

Mao JZ, Agyei JO, Khan A, Hess RM, Jowdy PK, Mullin JP et al. Technologic Evolution of Navigation and Robotics in Spine Surgery: A Historical Perspective. World Neurosurg. 2021;145:159-67. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.224.

Maskal S, Beffa L. The Role of Robotics in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction. Surg Clin North Am. 2023;103(5):977-91. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2023.04.007.

McBeth PB, Louw DF, Rizun PR, Sutherland GR. Robotics in neurosurgery. Am J Surg. 2004;188(4A Suppl):68s-75s. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2004.08.004.

Mestre R, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2021;13(5):e1703. doi:10.1002/wnan.1703.

Mittal S, Srinivasan A. Robotics in Pediatric Urology: Evolution and the Future. Urol Clin North Am. 2021;48(1):113-25. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2020.09.008.

Murphy RR. Explainable robotics in science fiction. Sci Robot. 2019;4(37). doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aaz8586.

Najafi G, Kreiser K, Abdelaziz M, Hamady MS. Current State of Robotics in Interventional Radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2023;46(5):549-61. doi:10.1007/s00270-023-03421-1.

Nathoo N, Pesek T, Barnett GH. Robotics and neurosurgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(6):1339-50. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(03)00157-9.

Newman JG, Kuppersmith RB, O'Malley BW, Jr. Robotics and telesurgery in otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011;44(6):1317-31, viii. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2011.08.008.

Overley SC, Cho SK, Mehta AI, Arnold PM. Navigation and Robotics in Spinal Surgery: Where Are We Now? Neurosurgery. 2017;80(3s):S86-s99. doi:10.1093/neuros/nyw077.

Panara K, Shahal D, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Robotics for Cochlear Implantation Surgery: Challenges and Opportunities. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(7):e825-e35. doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000003165.

Pandey SK, Sharma V. Robotics and ophthalmology: Are we there yet? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(7):988-94. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1131_18.

Picardi G, Astolfi A, Chatzievangelou D, Aguzzi J, Calisti M. Underwater legged robotics: review and perspectives. Bioinspir Biomim. 2023;18(3). doi:10.1088/1748-3190/acc0bb.

Pourdjabbar A, Ang L, Behnamfar O, Patel MP, Reeves RR, Campbell PT et al. Robotics in percutaneous cardiovascular interventions. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017;15(11):825-33. doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1377071.

Prescott TJ, Wilson SP. Understanding brain functional architecture through robotics. Sci Robot. 2023;8(78):eadg6014. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adg6014.

Probst P. A Review of the Role of Robotics in Surgery: To DaVinci and Beyond! Mo Med. 2023;120(5):389-96.

Rabinovich EP, Capek S, Kumar JS, Park MS. Tele-robotics and artificial-intelligence in stroke care. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;79:129-32. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.125.

Ramamurthy SR, Dave VP. Robotics in Vitreo-Retinal Surgery. Semin Ophthalmol. 2022;37(7-8):795-800. doi:10.1080/08820538.2022.2075705.

Ramdya P, Ijspeert AJ. The neuromechanics of animal locomotion: From biology to robotics and back. Sci Robot. 2023;8(78):eadg0279. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adg0279.

Rangarajan S, Hachem RA, Ozer E, Beer-Furlan A, Prevedello D, Carrau RL. Robotics in Sinus and Skull Base Surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2017;50(3):633-41. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2017.01.013.

Ren L, Li B, Wei G, Wang K, Song Z, Wei Y et al. Biology and bioinspiration of soft robotics: Actuation, sensing, and system integration. iScience. 2021;24(9):103075. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103075.

Rodriguez E, Chitwood WR. Robotics in cardiac surgery. Scand J Surg. 2009;98(2):120-4. doi:10.1177/145749690909800207.

Rolls A, Riga C. Endovascular robotics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018;100(Suppl 7):14-7. doi:10.1308/rcsann.supp2.14.

Rusu DM, Mândru SD, Biriș CM, Petrașcu OL, Morariu F, Ianosi-Andreeva-Dimitrova A. Soft Robotics: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Micromachines (Basel). 2023;14(2). doi:10.3390/mi14020359.

Rykaczewski K. Thermophysiological aspects of wearable robotics: Challenges and opportunities. Temperature (Austin). 2023;10(3):313-25. doi:10.1080/23328940.2022.2113725.

Sachyani Keneth E, Kamyshny A, Totaro M, Beccai L, Magdassi S. 3D Printing Materials for Soft Robotics. Adv Mater. 2021;33(19):e2003387. doi:10.1002/adma.202003387.

Sander IL, Dvorak N, Stebbins JA, Carr AJ, Mouthuy PA. Advanced Robotics to Address the Translational Gap in Tendon Engineering. Cyborg Bionic Syst. 2022;2022:9842169. doi:10.34133/2022/9842169.

Schweighofer N, Choi Y, Winstein C, Gordon J. Task-oriented rehabilitation robotics. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91(11 Suppl 3):S270-9. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e31826bcd42.

Sepehripour AH, Garas G, Athanasiou T, Casula R. Robotics in cardiac surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018;100(Suppl 7):22-33. doi:10.1308/rcsann.supp2.22.

Shah DS, Booth JW, Baines RL, Wang K, Vespignani M, Bekris K et al. Tensegrity Robotics. Soft Robot. 2022;9(4):639-56. doi:10.1089/soro.2020.0170.

Shankar R, Mishra A, Malik A. Role of Robotics in Non-oropharyngeal Head and Neck Tumours. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2022;13(2):436-42. doi:10.1007/s13193-022-01526-6.

Shemmeri E, Wee JO. Robotics and minimally invasive esophageal surgery. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(10):898. doi:10.21037/atm-20-4138.

Shen Z, Chen F, Zhu X, Yong KT, Gu G. Stimuli-responsive functional materials for soft robotics. J Mater Chem B. 2020. doi:10.1039/d0tb01585g.

Shoman NM. Robotics and cochlear implant surgery: goals and developments. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;30(5):314-9. doi:10.1097/moo.0000000000000837.

Shurrab M, Schilling R, Gang E, Khan EM, Crystal E. Robotics in invasive cardiac electrophysiology. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2014;11(4):375-81. doi:10.1586/17434440.2014.916207.

Sicuri C, Porcellini G, Merolla G. Robotics in shoulder rehabilitation. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014;4(2):207-13.

Silva F, Duarte M, Correia L, Oliveira SM, Christensen AL. Open Issues in Evolutionary Robotics. Evol Comput. 2016;24(2):205-36. doi:10.1162/EVCO_a_00172.

Singh R, Wang K, Qureshi MB, Rangel IC, Brown NJ, Shahrestani S et al. Robotics in neurosurgery: Current prevalence and future directions. Surg Neurol Int. 2022;13:373. doi:10.25259/sni_522_2022.

Sivathondan PC, Jayne DG. The role of robotics in colorectal surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018;100(Suppl 7):42-53. doi:10.1308/rcsann.supp2.42.

Stylopoulos N, Rattner D. Robotics and ergonomics. Surg Clin North Am. 2003;83(6):1321-37. doi:10.1016/s0039-6109(03)00161-0.

Sun JY, Granieri MA, Zhao LC. Robotics and urologic reconstructive surgery. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(4):545-57. doi:10.21037/tau.2018.03.06.

Sun L, Yu Y, Chen Z, Bian F, Ye F, Sun L et al. Biohybrid robotics with living cell actuation. Chem Soc Rev. 2020;49(12):4043-69. doi:10.1039/d0cs00120a.

Tanzini A, Ruggeri M, Bianchi E, Valentino C, Vigani B, Ferrari F et al. Robotics and Aseptic Processing in View of Regulatory Requirements. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(6). doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15061581.

Truong M, Kim JH, Scheib S, Patzkowsky K. Advantages of robotics in benign gynecologic surgery. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;28(4):304-10. doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000293.

Wang B, Handschuh-Wang S, Shen J, Zhou X, Guo Z, Liu W et al. Small-Scale Robotics with Tailored Wettability. Adv Mater. 2023;35(18):e2205732. doi:10.1002/adma.202205732.

Wang MY, Goto T, Tessitore E, Veeravagu A. Introduction. Robotics in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(5):E1. doi:10.3171/2017.2.Focus1783.

Weaver A, Steele S. Robotics in Colorectal Surgery. F1000Res. 2016;5. doi:10.12688/f1000research.9389.1.

Wehbe M, Giacalone M, Hemmerling TM. Robotics and regional anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(5):544-8. doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000117.

Wen L, Pan F, Ding X. Tensegrity metamaterials for soft robotics. Sci Robot. 2020;5(45). doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abd9158.

Whitesides GM. Soft Robotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2018;57(16):4258-73. doi:10.1002/anie.201800907.

Wu Q, Zhao YM, Bai SZ, Li X. Application of robotics in stomatology. Int J Comput Dent. 2019;22(3):251-60.

Wu Y, Wang F, Fan S, Chow JK. Robotics in Dental Implantology. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2019;31(3):513-8. doi:10.1016/j.coms.2019.03.013.

Yang GZ, Bellingham J, Dupont PE, Fischer P, Floridi L, Full R et al. The grand challenges of Science Robotics. Sci Robot. 2018;3(14). doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aar7650.

Yépez-Ponce DF, Salcedo JV, Rosero-Montalvo PD, Sanchis J. Mobile robotics in smart farming: current trends and applications. Front Artif Intell. 2023;6:1213330. doi:10.3389/frai.2023.1213330.

Yue Z, Zhang X, Wang J. Hand Rehabilitation Robotics on Poststroke Motor Recovery. Behav Neurol. 2017;2017:3908135. doi:10.1155/2017/3908135.

Zhang X, Yue Z, Wang J. Robotics in Lower-Limb Rehabilitation after Stroke. Behav Neurol. 2017;2017:3731802. doi:10.1155/2017/3731802.

Zhao Y, Mei Z, Luo X, Mao J, Zhao Q, Liu G et al. Remote vascular interventional surgery robotics: a literature review. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2022;12(4):2552-74. doi:10.21037/qims-21-792.

Zheng L, Hart N, Zeng Y. Micro-/nanoscale robotics for chemical and biological sensing. Lab Chip. 2023;23(17):3741-67. doi:10.1039/d3lc00404j.

Zuccon G, Lenzo B, Bottin M, Rosati G. Rehabilitation robotics after stroke: a bibliometric literature review. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2022;19(5):405-21. doi:10.1080/17434440.2022.2096438.

Chassagnon G, Vakalopoulou M, Paragios N, Revel MP. Artificial intelligence applications for thoracic imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2020;123:108774. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108774.

Dimitriadis I, Zaninovic N, Badiola AC, Bormann CL. Artificial intelligence in the embryology laboratory: a review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2022;44(3):435-48. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.11.003.

Du-Harpur X, Watt FM, Luscombe NM, Lynch MD. What is AI? Applications of artificial intelligence to dermatology. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(3):423-30. doi:10.1111/bjd.18880.

Duong MT, Rauschecker AM, Rudie JD, Chen PH, Cook TS, Bryan RN et al. Artificial intelligence for precision education in radiology. Br J Radiol. 2019;92(1103):20190389. doi:10.1259/bjr.20190389.

Ellahham S. Artificial Intelligence: The Future for Diabetes Care. Am J Med. 2020;133(8):895-900. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.033.

Försch S, Klauschen F, Hufnagl P, Roth W. Artificial Intelligence in Pathology. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118(12):194-204. doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0011.

Gomes B, Ashley EA. Artificial Intelligence in Molecular Medicine. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(26):2456-65. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2204787.

Hamet P, Tremblay J. Artificial intelligence in medicine. Metabolism. 2017;69s:S36-s40. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.011.

Harrer S, Shah P, Antony B, Hu J. Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Trial Design. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2019;40(8):577-91. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2019.05.005.

Hashimoto DA, Rosman G, Rus D, Meireles OR. Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: Promises and Perils. Ann Surg. 2018;268(1):70-6. doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000002693.

Hassabis D, Kumaran D, Summerfield C, Botvinick M. Neuroscience-Inspired Artificial Intelligence. Neuron. 2017;95(2):245-58. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.011.

Hessler G, Baringhaus KH. Artificial Intelligence in Drug Design. Molecules. 2018;23(10). doi:10.3390/molecules23102520.

Hormel TT, Hwang TS, Bailey ST, Wilson DJ, Huang D, Jia Y. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2021;85:100965. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100965.

Hosny A, Parmar C, Quackenbush J, Schwartz LH, Aerts H. Artificial intelligence in radiology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(8):500-10. doi:10.1038/s41568-018-0016-5.

Huang B, Huang H, Zhang S, Zhang D, Shi Q, Liu J et al. Artificial intelligence in pancreatic cancer. Theranostics. 2022;12(16):6931-54. doi:10.7150/thno.77949.

Hunter DJ, Holmes C. Where Medical Statistics Meets Artificial Intelligence. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(13):1211-9. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2212850.

Huynh E, Hosny A, Guthier C, Bitterman DS, Petit SF, Haas-Kogan DA et al. Artificial intelligence in radiation oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17(12):771-81. doi:10.1038/s41571-020-0417-8.

Itchhaporia D. Artificial intelligence in cardiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2022;32(1):34-41. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2020.11.007.

Johnson KW, Torres Soto J, Glicksberg BS, Shameer K, Miotto R, Ali M et al. Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(23):2668-79. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.521.

Joseph J, LePage EM, Cheney CP, Pawa R. Artificial intelligence in colonoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(29):4802-17. doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i29.4802.

Kann BH, Hosny A, Aerts H. Artificial intelligence for clinical oncology. Cancer Cell. 2021;39(7):916-27. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2021.04.002.

Kaur T, Diwakar A, Kirandeep, Mirpuri P, Tripathi M, Chandra PS et al. Artificial Intelligence in Epilepsy. Neurol India. 2021;69(3):560-6. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.317233.

Keskinbora K, Güven F. Artificial Intelligence and Ophthalmology. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2020;50(1):37-43. doi:10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.78989.

Keskinbora KH. Medical ethics considerations on artificial intelligence. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;64:277-82. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.001.

Krittanawong C, Zhang H, Wang Z, Aydar M, Kitai T. Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(21):2657-64. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.571.

Kulkarni S, Jha S. Artificial Intelligence, Radiology, and Tuberculosis: A Review. Acad Radiol. 2020;27(1):71-5. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2019.10.003.

Le Berre C, Sandborn WJ, Aridhi S, Devignes MD, Fournier L, Smaïl-Tabbone M et al. Application of Artificial Intelligence to Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):76-94.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.058.

Le EPV, Wang Y, Huang Y, Hickman S, Gilbert FJ. Artificial intelligence in breast imaging. Clin Radiol. 2019;74(5):357-66. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2019.02.006.

Li G, Wu X, Ma X. Artificial intelligence in radiotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;86(Pt 2):160-71. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.005.

Liu W, Liu X, Peng M, Chen GQ, Liu PH, Cui XW et al. Artificial intelligence for hepatitis evaluation. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(34):5715-26. doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i34.5715.

Lopez-Jimenez F, Attia Z, Arruda-Olson AM, Carter R, Chareonthaitawee P, Jouni H et al. Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology: Present and Future. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(5):1015-39. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.01.038.

Mann M, Kumar C, Zeng WF, Strauss MT. Artificial intelligence for proteomics and biomarker discovery. Cell Syst. 2021;12(8):759-70. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2021.06.006.

McGrow K. Artificial intelligence: Essentials for nursing. Nursing. 2019;49(9):46-9. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000577716.57052.8d.

Mintz Y, Brodie R. Introduction to artificial intelligence in medicine. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2019;28(2):73-81. doi:10.1080/13645706.2019.1575882.

Moor M, Banerjee O, Abad ZSH, Krumholz HM, Leskovec J, Topol EJ et al. Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature. 2023;616(7956):259-65. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05881-4.

Myers TG, Ramkumar PN, Ricciardi BF, Urish KL, Kipper J, Ketonis C. Artificial Intelligence and Orthopaedics: An Introduction for Clinicians. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020;102(9):830-40. doi:10.2106/jbjs.19.01128.

Nensa F, Demircioglu A, Rischpler C. Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Medicine. J Nucl Med. 2019;60(Suppl 2):29s-37s. doi:10.2967/jnumed.118.220590.

Niazi MKK, Parwani AV, Gurcan MN. Digital pathology and artificial intelligence. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(5):e253-e61. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30154-8.

Okagawa Y, Abe S, Yamada M, Oda I, Saito Y. Artificial Intelligence in Endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(5):1553-72. doi:10.1007/s10620-021-07086-z.

Ossowska A, Kusiak A, Świetlik D. Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry-Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(6). doi:10.3390/ijerph19063449.

Pham KT, Nabizadeh A, Selek S. Artificial Intelligence and Chatbots in Psychiatry. Psychiatr Q. 2022;93(1):249-53. doi:10.1007/s11126-022-09973-8.

Ramakrishnan R, Rao S, He JR. Perinatal health predictors using artificial intelligence: A review. Womens Health (Lond). 2021;17:17455065211046132. doi:10.1177/17455065211046132.

Ramesh AN, Kambhampati C, Monson JR, Drew PJ. Artificial intelligence in medicine. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86(5):334-8. doi:10.1308/147870804290.

Ranka S, Reddy M, Noheria A. Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular medicine. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2021;36(1):26-35. doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000812.

Ray A, Bhardwaj A, Malik YK, Singh S, Gupta R. Artificial intelligence and Psychiatry: An overview. Asian J Psychiatr. 2022;70:103021. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103021.

Reid JE, Eaton E. Artificial intelligence for pediatric ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019;30(5):337-46. doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000593.

Robert N. How artificial intelligence is changing nursing. Nurs Manage. 2019;50(9):30-9. doi:10.1097/01.Numa.0000578988.56622.21.

Romm EL, Tsigelny IF. Artificial Intelligence in Drug Treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2020;60:353-69. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023746.

Salvagno M, Taccone FS, Gerli AG. Can artificial intelligence help for scientific writing? Crit Care. 2023;27(1):75. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04380-2.

Schmidt-Erfurth U, Sadeghipour A, Gerendas BS, Waldstein SM, Bogunović H. Artificial intelligence in retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;67:1-29. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.004.

Schwendicke F, Samek W, Krois J. Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: Chances and Challenges. J Dent Res. 2020;99(7):769-74. doi:10.1177/0022034520915714.

Shan T, Tay FR, Gu L. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry. J Dent Res. 2021;100(3):232-44. doi:10.1177/0022034520969115.

Shen YT, Chen L, Yue WW, Xu HX. Artificial intelligence in ultrasound. Eur J Radiol. 2021;139:109717. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109717.

Shimizu H, Nakayama KI. Artificial intelligence in oncology. Cancer Sci. 2020;111(5):1452-60. doi:10.1111/cas.14377.

Tsoi K, Yiu K, Lee H, Cheng HM, Wang TD, Tay JC et al. Applications of artificial intelligence for hypertension management. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(3):568-74. doi:10.1111/jch.14180.

Wang H, Fu T, Du Y, Gao W, Huang K, Liu Z et al. Scientific discovery in the age of artificial intelligence. Nature. 2023;620(7972):47-60. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06221-2.

Wang R, Pan W, Jin L, Li Y, Geng Y, Gao C et al. Artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine. Reproduction. 2019;158(4):R139-r54. doi:10.1530/rep-18-0523.

Yang F, Darsey JA, Ghosh A, Li HY, Yang MQ, Wang S. Artificial Intelligence and Cancer Drug Development. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2022;17(1):2-8. doi:10.2174/1574892816666210728123758.

Young AT, Xiong M, Pfau J, Keiser MJ, Wei ML. Artificial Intelligence in Dermatology: A Primer. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(8):1504-12. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.026.

Yousif M, van Diest PJ, Laurinavicius A, Rimm D, van der Laak J, Madabhushi A et al. Artificial intelligence applied to breast pathology. Virchows Arch. 2022;480(1):191-209. doi:10.1007/s00428-021-03213-3.

Yu KH, Beam AL, Kohane IS. Artificial intelligence in healthcare. Nat Biomed Eng. 2018;2(10):719-31. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0305-z.

Zhang K, Chen K. Artificial intelligence: opportunities in lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2022;34(1):44-53. doi:10.1097/cco.0000000000000796.

Zhong F, Xing J, Li X, Liu X, Fu Z, Xiong Z et al. Artificial intelligence in drug design. Sci China Life Sci. 2018;61(10):1191-204. doi:10.1007/s11427-018-9342-2.

Farrokhi M, Rigi A, Mangouri A, Fadaei M, Shabani E, Mashouf P et al. Role of Antioxidants in Autoimmune Diseases. Kindle. 2021;1(1):1-107.

Farrokhi M, Shabani S, Rigi A, Seighalani HH, Pazhooha M, Bagheri S et al. Academic Textbook: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Pain. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-123.

Farrokhi M, Vafaei S, Bidares M, Siami H, Rigi A, Hannaniyan M et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Manifestations of COVID-19. Kindle. 2021;1(1):1-170.

Yarmohammadi B, Rigi A, Sahebkar F, Ahadiat S-A, Gharei F, Heydarian P et al. Guidelines for Providing Services in Medical Departments During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-193.

Ahadiat S-A, Shirazinia M, Shirazinia S, Garousi S, Mottahedi M, Jalali AB et al. Role of Telemedicine in Management of Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-191.

Abadi SAH, Atbaei R, Forouhi M, Falaverjani HG, Moazamiyanfar R, Rezaei M et al. Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches in Medical Departments During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-216.

Ahadiat S-A, Ghazalgoo A, Abadi SAH, Falaverjani HG, Bagherianlemraski M, Namazifar F et al. Role of Vitamin D in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-119.

Ahadiat S-A, Atighi J, Forouhi M, Mashatan N, Ghahremaniyeh Z, Radmanesh M et al. Diagnosis and Management of Complications of COVID-19. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-113.

Tabatabaei SOH, Moazamiyanfar R, Fard AM, Salemi MH, Masjedi MNK, Yazdani Y et al. Academic Textbook: The Role of Melatonin in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-126.

Ahadiat S-A, Falaverjani HG, Shabani M, Abadi SAH, Moazamiyanfar R, Rajabi SK et al. The Role of Stem Cells in Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-136.

Fard AM, Nikbakht T, Babaei N, Pouyamanesh M, Afzalian A, Kharazmkia A et al. Role of Medicinal Plants in Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-139.

Ahadiat S-A, Barati R, Moghadam NS, Samami E, Ghiabi S, Alyari M et al. Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Malignancies. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-122.

Ahadiat S-A, Kamrani K, Fard AM, Bagherianlemraski M, Rahimpour E, Jamali M et al. Role of Blood Groups in Risk, Severity, Prognosis, and Response to Treatment of the Diseases. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-130.

Ghalamkarpour N, Fard AM, Babazadeh A, Nikseresht H, Feyzmanesh A, Soltani R et al. Role of Biomarkers in Risk, Diagnosis, Response to Treatment, and Prognosis of the Autoimmune Diseases. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-124.

Talaie R, Fard SS, Forouhi M, Fard AM, Fard TM, Dadashzadehasl N et al. Applications, Limitations, and Guidelines for the Use of Telemedicine in Medical Departments. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-118.

Rahmani E, Fard AM, Baghsheikhi H, Hosseini Z, Mashaollahi A, Atighi J et al. Role of Selenium in Pathogenesis and Treatment of the Autoimmune Diseases. Kindle. 2022;2(1):1-131.

Poudineh S, Poudineh M, Roohinezhad R, Khorram R, Fard AM, Barzegar F et al. Role of Vitamins in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cancers. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-110.

Poudineh M, Poudineh S, Hosseini Z, Pouramini S, Fard SS, Fadavian H et al. Risk Factors for the Development of Cancers. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-118.

Amini N, Azimzadeh M, Dosar MD, Fard AM, Habibzadeh N, Yahyazadehjasour S et al. Role of Microbiome, Infection, and Inflammation in Autoimmune Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-102.

Taheri F, Farrokhi M, Fard AM, Rahmani E, Soltani R, Shamsedanesh S et al. Role of Micronutrients and Nutrition in Prevention and Treatment of Cancers. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-102.

Taheri F, Rahmani E, Fard SS, Rezaei M, Ayati A, Farhoudian A et al. Aging Process and Related Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-117.

Rahmani E, Rezaei M, Tavakoli R, Ghadirzadeh E, Sarnaghy FJ, Khorram R et al. Role of Regenerative Medicine in the Treatment of Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-184.

Rezaei M, Rahmani E, Khouzani SJ, Rahmannia M, Ghadirzadeh E, Bashghareh P et al. Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-160.

Farrokhi M, Taheri F, Khouzani PJ, Rahmani E, Tavakoli R, Fard AM et al. Role of Precision Medicine and Personalized Medicine in the Treatment of Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-164.

Farrokhi M, Taheri F, Karami E, Khorram R, Sarnaghy FJ, Mirbolook A et al. Effects of Environmental Factors and Epigenetic on Health and the Development of Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-186.

Farrokhi M, Taheri F, Moeini A, Farrokhi M, Rabiei S, Farahmandsadr M et al. Sex and Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diseases. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-168.

Rezaei T, Khouzani PJ, Khouzani SJ, Fard AM, Rashidi S, Ghazalgoo A et al. Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Telemedicine: Revolutionizing Healthcare Delivery. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-161.

Farrokhi M, Moeini A, Taheri F, Farrokhi M, Mostafavi M, Ardakan AK et al. Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Care: From Diagnosis to Prevention and Beyond. Kindle. 2023;3(1):1-149.

Al-Attar A, Kumar KR, Untersee D, O'Driscoll M, Ventura MFS, Lin L. Automation in flow cytometry: Guidelines and review of systems. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2023. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.22125.

Alexovič M, Sabo J, Longuespée R. Automation of single-cell proteomic sample preparation. Proteomics. 2021;21(23-24):e2100198. doi:10.1002/pmic.202100198.

Antonios K, Croxatto A, Culbreath K. Current State of Laboratory Automation in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Clin Chem. 2021;68(1):99-114. doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvab242.

Appleton E, Madsen C, Roehner N, Densmore D. Design Automation in Synthetic Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2017;9(4). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a023978.

Batson S, Herranz A, Rohrbach N, Canobbio M, Mitchell SA, Bonnabry P. Automation of in-hospital pharmacy dispensing: a systematic review. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021;28(2):58-64. doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-002081.

Bauer M, Monteith S, Geddes J, Gitlin MJ, Grof P, Whybrow PC et al. Automation to optimise physician treatment of individual patients: examples in psychiatry. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(4):338-49. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30041-0.

Boschi S, Lodi F, Malizia C, Cicoria G, Marengo M. Automation synthesis modules review. Appl Radiat Isot. 2013;76:38-45. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.09.010.

Bourbeau PP, Ledeboer NA. Automation in clinical microbiology. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1658-65. doi:10.1128/jcm.00301-13.

Brahim I, Lamard M, Benyoussef AA, Quellec G. Automation of dry eye disease quantitative assessment: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;50(6):653-66. doi:10.1111/ceo.14119.

Branson RD. Automation of Mechanical Ventilation. Crit Care Clin. 2018;34(3):383-94. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2018.03.012.

Burckhardt I. Laboratory Automation in Clinical Microbiology. Bioengineering (Basel). 2018;5(4). doi:10.3390/bioengineering5040102.

Byrne EA, Parasuraman R. Psychophysiology and adaptive automation. Biol Psychol. 1996;42(3):249-68. doi:10.1016/0301-0511(95)05161-9.

Calhoun G. Adaptable (Not Adaptive) Automation: Forefront of Human-Automation Teaming. Hum Factors. 2022;64(2):269-77. doi:10.1177/00187208211037457.

Chiou EK, Lee JD. Trusting Automation: Designing for Responsivity and Resilience. Hum Factors. 2023;65(1):137-65. doi:10.1177/00187208211009995.

Christensen M, Yunker LPE, Shiri P, Zepel T, Prieto PL, Grunert S et al. Automation isn't automatic. Chem Sci. 2021;12(47):15473-90. doi:10.1039/d1sc04588a.

Croxatto A, Prod'hom G, Faverjon F, Rochais Y, Greub G. Laboratory automation in clinical bacteriology: what system to choose? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(3):217-35. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.09.030.

Doulgkeroglou MN, Di Nubila A, Niessing B, König N, Schmitt RH, Damen J et al. Automation, Monitoring, and Standardization of Cell Product Manufacturing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:811. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00811.

Gentili A. Answering the great automation question. Sci Robot. 2022;7(65):eabo7210. doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abo7210.

Gulsheen P, Batra S, Sharma S. Automation: A revolutionary vision of artificial intelligence in theranostics. Bull Cancer. 2023;110(2):233-41. doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2022.10.009.

Hawker CD. Nonanalytic Laboratory Automation: A Quarter Century of Progress. Clin Chem. 2017;63(6):1074-82. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.272047.

Hendel JL, Gardner RA, Spencer DIR. Automation of Immunoglobulin Glycosylation Analysis. Exp Suppl. 2021;112:173-204. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_5.

Höfner K. Automation in urodynamics. Eur Urol. 1998;34 Suppl 1:38-9.

Holland I, Davies JA. Automation in the Life Science Research Laboratory. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:571777. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.571777.

Huber AR, Méndez A, Brunner-Agten S. Automation in haemostasis. Hamostaseologie. 2013;33(4):295-8. doi:10.5482/hamo-12-05-0002.

Kamentsky LA. Cytology automation. Adv Biol Med Phys. 1973;14:93-161. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-005214-1.50007-8.

King CD, Kapp KL, Arul AB, Choi MJ, Robinson RAS. Advancements in automation for plasma proteomics sample preparation. Mol Omics. 2022;18(9):828-39. doi:10.1039/d2mo00122e.

Kurien BT, Towbin H. From little helpers to automation. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1312:31-40. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2694-7_6.

Lin Z, Gongora J, Liu X, Xie Y, Zhao C, Lv D et al. Automation to Enable High-Throughput Chemical Proteomics. J Proteome Res. 2023. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00467.

Maundrell N. Implementation of automation, IT support and cybersecurity in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis. 2022;14(14):963-5. doi:10.4155/bio-2022-0113.

Naugler C, Church DL. Automation and artificial intelligence in the clinical laboratory. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2019;56(2):98-110. doi:10.1080/10408363.2018.1561640.

Novak SM, Marlowe EM. Automation in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Clin Lab Med. 2013;33(3):567-88. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2013.03.002.

Perkins BA, Sherr JL, Mathieu C. Type 1 diabetes glycemic management: Insulin therapy, glucose monitoring, and automation. Science. 2021;373(6554):522-7. doi:10.1126/science.abg4502.

Quadroni M, James P. Proteomics and automation. Electrophoresis. 1999;20(4-5):664-77. doi:10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:4/5<664::Aid-elps664>3.0.Co;2-a.

Rezende MT, Bianchi AGC, Carneiro CM. Cervical cancer: Automation of Pap test screening. Diagn Cytopathol. 2021;49(4):559-74. doi:10.1002/dc.24708.

Riben M. Laboratory Automation and Middleware. Surg Pathol Clin. 2015;8(2):175-86. doi:10.1016/j.path.2015.02.012.

Ruskin KJ, Ruskin AC, O'Connor M. Automation failures and patient safety. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2020;33(6):788-92. doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000935.

Selekman JA, Qiu J, Tran K, Stevens J, Rosso V, Simmons E et al. High-Throughput Automation in Chemical Process Development. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng. 2017;8:525-47. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101411.

Stephenson A, Lastra L, Nguyen B, Chen YJ, Nivala J, Ceze L et al. Physical Laboratory Automation in Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol. 2023;12(11):3156-69. doi:10.1021/acssynbio.3c00345.

Strauch B. The Automation-by-Expertise-by-Training Interaction. Hum Factors. 2017;59(2):204-28. doi:10.1177/0018720816665459.

Upadhya R, Kosuri S, Tamasi M, Meyer TA, Atta S, Webb MA et al. Automation and data-driven design of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;171:1-28. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.009.

Vakharia VN, Duncan JS. Automation Advances in Stereoelectroencephalography Planning. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020;31(3):407-19. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2020.03.005.

Wainaina S, Taherzadeh MJ. Automation and artificial intelligence in filamentous fungi-based bioprocesses: A review. Bioresour Technol. 2023;369:128421. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128421.

Wajcman J. Automation: is it really different this time? Br J Sociol. 2017;68(1):119-27. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12239.

Wen W, Kuroki Y, Asama H. The Sense of Agency in Driving Automation. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2691. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02691.

Zayas-Cabán T, Okubo TH, Posnack S. Priorities to accelerate workflow automation in health care. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2022;30(1):195-201. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac197.

Zhang YV, Rockwood A. Impact of automation on mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;450:298-303. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.027.

Biglari N, Mehdizadeh A, Mastanabad MV, Gharaeikhezri MH, Afrakoti LGMP, Pourbala H et al. Application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in neurodegenerative disorders: history, findings, and prospective challenges. Pathology-Research and Practice. 2023:154541.

Yeganeh A, Farahini H, Hajializade M, Kordkandi SA, Amiri R, Mahmoudi M et al. The Outcome of Treatment of Femural Head Fracture: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Journal of Research in Orthopedic Science. 2020;7(3):105-14.

Emerging Technologies in Medicine: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Medical Automation

Downloads

Published

2023-11-19

How to Cite

Rezaei, M., Saei, S., Jafari Khouzani, S., Esmaielzade Rostami, M., Rahmannia, M., Rafie Manzelat, A. M., Bayanati, M., Rasti, S., Rajabloo, Y., Ghorbani, H., Azizan, A., Bozorgzad, P., Jafari Khouzani, P., Arabpour Dahouei, A., Faranoush, P., Hiwa Raouf, K., Ebrahimpour, M., Fallahian, A., Savardashtaki, M., Khodashenas, M., Zare Lahijan, L., Soltani Moghadam, A., Mirzohreh, S.-T., Abbasmofrad, H., Rahimi, R., Shakori Poshteh, S., Pishbin, A., Masoomi Goodarzi, N., Tolouei, M., Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, A., Hajializade, M., Khodadadi , H. R., Nobakht, S., Karami-Nejad, A., Taherzadeh Amlashi, T., Hosseininejad-Mohebati, A., Rasti, A., Zohrei, A., Hedayati Emami, S., Roohinezhad, R., Ghahari, S., Ebrahimi, S., Mousavi, S.-H., Mohamadi, Z., Sobhani, M., Pirouzan, M., Pirouzan, Z., Momayezi, A., Foroutan, A., Karimimoghadam, A., Farjami, P., Ranjbar, E., Taheri, F., Farrokhi, M., & Moeini, A. (2023). Emerging Technologies in Medicine: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Medical Automation. Kindle, 3(1), 1–184. Retrieved from https://preferpub.org/index.php/kindle/article/view/Book29

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Book Series 3

Section

Scholarly Peer-reviewed Books

Categories

License

Since making research freely available supports a greater global exchange of knowledge, PreferPub provides immediate open access to its published books under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows others to share, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material, as long as the use is non-commercial and appropriate credit is given to the original work.