Sex and Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diseases
Keywords:
Gender , Pathogenesis , Treatment , SexAbstract
Sex and gender differences play a significant role in the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment outcomes of various diseases. These differences arise from a complex interplay between biological, hormonal, genetic, and sociocultural factors. Understanding and recognizing these differences is crucial for providing personalized and effective healthcare. In terms of pathogenesis, sex and gender differences can influence disease susceptibility and progression. Hormonal factors, such as estrogen and testosterone, have been found to modulate immune responses, leading to variations in disease development and severity. For example, autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are more prevalent in females, suggesting hormonal influences on immune dysregulation. Additionally, genetic and epigenetic factors may differ between sexes, contributing to variations in disease susceptibility and response to treatment. Clinical presentation of diseases also shows sex and gender differences. Symptoms and manifestations of diseases can vary between males and females due to anatomical, physiological, and hormonal factors. For example, heart attack symptoms can differ between sexes, with females often experiencing atypical symptoms that may be overlooked or misdiagnosed. Similarly, mental health disorders may present differently in males and females, with females more commonly experiencing mood disorders and males more prone to externalizing behaviors. Treatment outcomes can also be influenced by sex and gender differences. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may vary between sexes, affecting drug efficacy and safety profiles. For instance, medications metabolized differently in males and females may require adjusted dosing regimens. Moreover, social and cultural factors associated with gender roles and expectations can impact treatment adherence and access to healthcare. In conclusion, sex and gender differences significantly impact the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment outcomes of diseases. Recognizing and understanding these differences is essential for providing personalized and effective healthcare. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop evidence-based guidelines that consider sex and gender disparities in disease management. By embracing a sex- and gender-specific approach, healthcare professionals can optimize patient care and improve health outcomes.
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Ghobadi N, Zarenejad N, Namdar P. The Effect of Probiotic Mouthwash on Salivary PH of Patients With Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. Journal of Pediatrics Review. 2019;7(5).
Shiva A, Arab S, Pakravan A, Rezaei Kalantari N, Namdar P. A Rare Case Report of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Anterior Maxilla of a Young Patient. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences. 2023;25(1):233-41.
Shiva A, Arab S, Pakravan A, Rezaeikalantari N, Namdar P. A Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma in the Maxilla: A Rare Case Report. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2023;33(220):206-13.
Namdar P, Shiva A, Hadian H, Mousavi J, Shahidi B. The frequency of Accidental Dental Abnormalities and pathologic finding in panoramic radiography of orthodontic patients. Res Dent Sci. 2022;19(4):346-54.
Namdar P, Moaddabi A, Yazdian R, Saeedi M, Ahmadian F, Shiva A, et al. Histologic Evaluation of the Effects of Folinic Acid Chitosan Hydrogel and Botulinum Toxin A on Wound Repair of Cleft Lip Surgery in Rats. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2022;13(3):142.
Namdar P, Yazdian-Robati R, Mozafari PM, Hashemi M, Shiva A. Current Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. Asian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2022;5(4):1-17.
Bagherianlemraski M, Armin M, Etezadi T, Namdar P. Investigating the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on treatment and visit sessions of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in Sari. International journal of health sciences. 2022;6(S7):1425-33.
Namdar P. Canine Impactions: Surgical and Orthodontic Considerations: A Case reoport. Res Dent Sci. 2021;18(4):311-8.
Namdar P, Shiva A, Lal Alizadeh F, Etezadi T. Prevalence of Dental Malocclusions among 12-14-year-old students in East Mazandaran. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Dentistry. 2021;16(2):58-69.
Shiva A, Soltanalipour S, Haghshenas MR, Yazdani Cherati J, Namdar P. Awareness of Dental Specialists and General Dentists about Hepatitis B in Sari, Iran 2018. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2021;31(196):162-7.
Namdar P, Mesgarani A, Shiva A. Management of Nonsyndromic Oligodontia: A Rare Case Report. Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2020;44(4):408-15.
Namdar P, Bardideh E, Lal Alizadeh F, Jahanbin A, Eslami N. Comparison of Roth and McLaughlin-Bennet-Trevisi prescriptions as two popular pre-adjusted orthodontic bracket systems: a systematic review. Orthodontic Waves. 2020;79(2-3):65-75.
Namdar P, Shiva A, Etezadi T, YazdaniCharati J, Karami H, Iri S. Prevalence of malocclusion in patients with thalassemia major: A cross-sectional study. Iranian Journal of Orthodontics. 2020;15(2):1-5.
Jahanbin A, Shahabi M, Rangrazi A, Namdar P, Alizadeh FL. Surgical Management of Various Types of Maxillary Canine Impaction: A Narrative Review. Reviews in Clinical Medicine. 2019;6(1).
Namdar P, Etezadi T. Retention Procedures for Stabilizing Orthodontic Treatment Outcomes: A Literature Review. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2017;26(146):212-20.
Etezadi T, Namdar P, Saffar Shahroudi A. Dental and Cephalometric Features of Patients with Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2016;25(134):270-7.
Abbas Mofrad H, Khalatbari J, Malihi Zakerini S, Mohammadi Shirmahalleh F, Shafti V. Analysis of Structural Equations in the Relationship of Marital Conflicts and Affective Security with Perceived Stress and Pregnancy Worries and Biological Indexes with the Mediation of Psychological Wellbeing in Pregnant Women. Women Studies. 2021;12(35):97-127.
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Abbasi M, Sadeghi M, Salehi A. The Effect of Different Concentrations of Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Gel on Shear Bond Strength of a Bonded Nanocomposite to Enamel and Dentin. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2017;16(2).
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